鬼の念仏 (oni no nenbutsu) oni nenbutsu (ogre’s prayer)
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This top depicts an oni saying the nenbutsu prayer. Oni are a kind of supernatural monster from Japanese folklore, often translated as “demon” or “ogre.” The nenbutsu (念仏) is a type of prayer, common to Pure Land Buddhism, that generally refers to a repetition of the Amida Buddha’s name as a private devotional practice. For this top, Hiroi-sensei has depicted a reformed oni in a priest’s outfit saying the nenbutsu and striking a drum as he reads a sutra (a Buddhist scripture).
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Hiroi Michiaki: Umm. Ah, this is the “oni’s [ogre’s] prayer” (oninenbutsu). The oni has reformed and he’s saying the nenbutsu. While he’s reading a sutra. This part moves like this, as if the hands are striking a drum.
This top depicts a maneki neko (beckoning cat). A maneki neko is a cat figurine often placed at the entrance of shops, restaurants, and other businesses to bring good fortune. The cat holds up one paw, either the right or the left, depending on what kind of luck it beckons in. Typically, the right paw indicates good luck and wealth, while the left invites in customers, although interpretations differ by area. Some maneki neko have both paws raised or feature different colors. Maneki neko also often feature gold coins called koban (小判) around their necks or in their hand, which were currency used during the Edo period (1600-1868) in Japan.
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Hiroi Michiaki: This is a maneki neko (beckoning cat). And it’s raising its right paw. If their right paws are raised, it’s [beckoning] money [to come to you]. If it’s the left paw, it’s inviting people. And this one has the right, so it’s inviting money. Ahh, there’s money placed with it [in the photograph]. Heh heh heh. Long ago, if it was in Edo [contemporary Tokyo], the left paw up [meant money], and if you went to Kansai, it was the right. But nowadays the left is for money and the right is for people. Sometimes both are raised, though. But you shouldn’t do that. Heh heh heh. Because it’s a catch 22, wanting both money and people and raising both hands.
These tops depict the theme of “pine, bamboo, and plum.” This theme originated in Chinese poetry of the T’ang Dynasty (618–907) and spread throughout premodern East Asia as a poetic and artistic image. These three plants, sometimes referred to together as the “Three Friends of Winter,” were noted to be the only plants that didn’t wither or die during the winter season. They came to represent the traits of steadfastness, perseverance, and resilience. In Japan, their imagery is associated with the beginning of the Lunar New Year. Each plant in this work detaches and becomes its own top.
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Hiroi Michiaki: This, too, it’s pine, bamboo, and plum, and it’s also a [theme] for good fortune. Plum, pine, and bamboo, right? This is the pine, this is the plum, and these are bamboo shoots. And all of them individually become tops.
This top is a play on words, showing a monkey (saru 猿) figure dancing the sanbasō (三番叟) dance. Dating from the Heian Period (794-1185 CE), sanbasō is a celebratory ceremonial dance originally performed in Noh theatre in the sarugaku (literally, “monkey fun” 猿楽) style of medieval Japanese performance. The sanbasō dance was originally staged together with performances by the okina (old man) character in Noh, whose dances were often auspicious shows staged to open a set or open the new year.
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Hiroi Michiaki: And this is a New Year’s monkey (saru)… umm… what was it called? There’s a dance done at New Year’s. It’s called sarugaku 猿楽. I don’t know why it’s called sarugaku, but if you spin this, it looks like it’s dancing. It spins around slowly. It’s an auspicious sort of top.
This top depicts a dog-faced shogun, playing with the nickname of the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa Period (1600-1868), Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646-1709). During his time as military ruler of Japan, Tsunayoshi enacted a series of laws aimed at the common people, most famously his “Edicts on Compassion for Living Things (生類憐みの令, Shōruiawaremi no rei),” which stipulated that people should not abandon sick cows or horses, should not sell animals such as birds or tortoises for food, and should not kill dogs. To kill a dog, even a stray, was punishable by death. This earned Tsunayoshi the nickname of inu kubō, inu meaning “dog” and kubō being a formal title meaning “shogun.”
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Hiroi Michiaki: Ah, this is the “dog shogun.” The shogun… in the Tokugawa period, there was a law to have compassion for all living things, and it was forbidden to kill dogs.
Paula: [The shogun] Ietsugu. [Note: The “Dog Shogun” was actually Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the 5th Shogun.]
Hiroi: Yeah. He was called the “dog shogun.” I modeled this on him. Because I’m an “Edokko” [a native of Tokyo], you know. Heh heh heh. I disagree with him.