These tops depict the theme of “pine, bamboo, and plum.” This theme originated in Chinese poetry of the T’ang Dynasty (618–907) and spread throughout premodern East Asia as a poetic and artistic image. These three plants, sometimes referred to together as the “Three Friends of Winter,” were noted to be the only plants that didn’t wither or die during the winter season. They came to represent the traits of steadfastness, perseverance, and resilience. In Japan, their imagery is associated with the beginning of the Lunar New Year. Each plant in this work detaches and becomes its own top.
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Hiroi Michiaki: This, too, it’s pine, bamboo, and plum, and it’s also a [theme] for good fortune. Plum, pine, and bamboo, right? This is the pine, this is the plum, and these are bamboo shoots. And all of them individually become tops.
This top is a play on words, showing a monkey (saru 猿) figure dancing the sanbasō (三番叟) dance. Dating from the Heian Period (794-1185 CE), sanbasō is a celebratory ceremonial dance originally performed in Noh theatre in the sarugaku (literally, “monkey fun” 猿楽) style of medieval Japanese performance. The sanbasō dance was originally staged together with performances by the okina (old man) character in Noh, whose dances were often auspicious shows staged to open a set or open the new year.
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Hiroi Michiaki: And this is a New Year’s monkey (saru)… umm… what was it called? There’s a dance done at New Year’s. It’s called sarugaku 猿楽. I don’t know why it’s called sarugaku, but if you spin this, it looks like it’s dancing. It spins around slowly. It’s an auspicious sort of top.
This top depicts a dog-faced shogun, playing with the nickname of the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa Period (1600-1868), Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646-1709). During his time as military ruler of Japan, Tsunayoshi enacted a series of laws aimed at the common people, most famously his “Edicts on Compassion for Living Things (生類憐みの令, Shōruiawaremi no rei),” which stipulated that people should not abandon sick cows or horses, should not sell animals such as birds or tortoises for food, and should not kill dogs. To kill a dog, even a stray, was punishable by death. This earned Tsunayoshi the nickname of inu kubō, inu meaning “dog” and kubō being a formal title meaning “shogun.”
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Hiroi Michiaki: Ah, this is the “dog shogun.” The shogun… in the Tokugawa period, there was a law to have compassion for all living things, and it was forbidden to kill dogs.
Paula: [The shogun] Ietsugu. [Note: The “Dog Shogun” was actually Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the 5th Shogun.]
Hiroi: Yeah. He was called the “dog shogun.” I modeled this on him. Because I’m an “Edokko” [a native of Tokyo], you know. Heh heh heh. I disagree with him.
These tops depict a kappa and a cucumber. Kappa are yōkai (supernatural creatures) from traditional Japanese folklore. Kappa are typically depicted as somewhat humanoid and the size of a child, although sometimes they can appear more like birds or turtles. They are said to live in rivers and ponds, where they cause mischief, occasionally kidnapping or drowning people or animals. Sometimes they are depicted as balancing a bowl or plate of water on their heads, which is a technique they supposedly use to travel outside of their watery homes. Even today, some areas of Japan will have signs near rivers warning people about kappa. Kappa may also be considered friendly or helpful, helping humans with water-related tasks like irrigation or fishing. Each part of this figure can be removed and turns into a separate top.
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Hiroi Michiaki: And this is a kappa.
Janell Landis: Kappa.
Paula Curtis: Ahh.
Hiroi: Yeah. Kappa, kappa in legend are living things [as opposed to ghosts or spirits], you know. They live in water, so they’re good luck against fire. And if you unfasten all of these [parts] they become tops.
This top depicts a cautionary folktale of a cruel, rich man who picked on others. On a summer day, he decides to spy on a hard-working maidservant, Otake, who is bathing in the garden. But when he peeps at her, she transforms, revealing she is actually the bodhisattva Kannon (sometimes called the bodhisattva of compassion or goddess of mercy). She had transformed into the maidservant to teach him a lesson about being cruel to others, admonishing him that to do ill would bring about punishment from the deities. After that encounter, the rich man reforms and does only good.
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Hiroi Michiaki: Is this Otake’s Bath? This one also has many different tales. Umm in the old days there was an ill-mannered man… uhh, of course, a rich man. He was really rich, but he was nasty, and he picked on poor people. And in his manor, this jochūbōkō (女中奉公)… what would she be called today… in other words a servant… umm… a maid. Named Otake. Umm… nowadays she’d be called a maid. Should I call her that? What should I call her so it’s easiest to understand. A maid, in other words.
Janell Landis: A maid. Yeah, yeah.
Hiroi: And she was the most–her rank was the lowest, and she worked hard. And when it was hot in the summer Otake-san was bathing in the garden when the cruel rich man came to peep at her. And when that happened, Otake-san, she was actually Kannon-sama, a bodhisattva? The bodhisattva Kannon. She had taken the form of the maidservant to admonish him. And to teach him that being cruel to others was bad, she came down specifically for that and bathed where she could be seen. And when he arrived at the place [where she was bathing] she turned [back into] the bodhisattva Kannon. And admonished him that if you do something bad, you’ll incur divine punishment from the gods. The story of Otake-san’s bath tells of that rich man reforming and doing good [after that].